Philosophers
Thinkers who questioned everything.
42 entries
Albert Camus
French · 1913–1960
“Il faut imaginer Sisyphe heureux.”
“One must imagine Sisyphus happy.”
Antonio Gramsci
Italian · 1891–1937
“Sono pessimista con l'intelligenza, ma ottimista per la volontà.”
“I'm a pessimist because of intelligence, but an optimist because of will.”
Aristotle
Greek · 384–322 BC
“ἄνθρωπος φύσει πολιτικὸν ζῷον”
“Man is by nature a political animal.”
Arthur Schopenhauer
German · 1788–1860
“Die Welt ist meine Vorstellung.”
“The world is my representation.”
Baruch Spinoza
Dutch · 1632–1677
“The highest activity a human being can attain is learning for understanding, because to understand is to be free.”
Bertrand Russell
British · 1872–1970
“The point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it.”
Byung-Chul Han
South Korean / German · 1959–
“Wir leben heute in einer Welt, die sehr arm an Unterbrechung ist; das „Zwischen" und die „Zwischenzeiten" verschwinden.”
“Today, we live in a world that is very poor in interruption; "betweenness" and "between-times" are disappearing.”
Confucius
Chinese · 551–479 BC
“不闻不若闻之,闻之不若见之,见之不若知之,知之不若行之。”
“I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I do and I understand.”
David Hume
Scottish · 1711–1776
“Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.”
Emmanuel Levinas
French · 1906–1995
“Le visage d'autrui détruit à tout moment et déborde l'image plastique qu'il me laisse.”
“The face of the Other at each moment destroys and overflows the plastic image it leaves me, the idea existing to my own measure and to the measure of its ideatum — the adequate idea.”
Epictetus
Greek-Roman · 50–135
“Οὐδεὶς ἐλεύθερος ὃς ἑαυτοῦ μὴ κρατεῖ.”
“No man is free who is not master of himself.”
Friedrich Nietzsche
German · 1844–1900
“Je höher wir uns erheben, desto kleiner erscheinen wir denen, die nicht fliegen können.”
“The higher we soar, the smaller we appear to those who cannot fly.”
G.W.F. Hegel
German · 1770–1831
“Das Wahre ist das Ganze. Das Ganze aber ist nur das durch seine Entwicklung sich vollendende Wesen.”
“The truth is the whole. But the whole is nothing other than the essence consummating itself through its development.”
Gilles Deleuze
French · 1925–1995
“Je fais, défais et refais mes concepts à partir d'un horizon mouvant, d'un centre toujours décentré, d'une périphérie toujours déplacée qui les répète et les différencie.”
“I make, remake and unmake my concepts along a moving horizon, from an always decentered center, from an always displaced periphery which repeats and differentiates them.”
Giorgio Agamben
Italian · 1942–
“Il campo è lo spazio che si apre quando lo stato di eccezione comincia a diventare la regola.”
“The camp is the space that is opened when the state of exception begins to become the rule. In the camp, the state of exception, which was essentially a temporary suspension of the rule of law on the basis of a factual state of danger, is now given a permanent spatial arrangement.”
Hannah Arendt
German-American · 1906–1975
“The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced Communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction and the distinction between true and false no longer exist.”
Hans Jonas
German-American · 1903–1993
“Die Natur, die die Möglichkeit des Geistes in sich birgt, offenbart eine teleologische Tendenz, der die bloß kausalen Erklärungen der Naturwissenschaft nicht gerecht werden können.”
“Nature, by harboring in itself the possibility of the mind, reveals a teleological tendency with which the merely causal explanations of natural science cannot do justice.”
Immanuel Kant
German · 1724–1804
“Gedanken ohne Inhalt sind leer, Anschauungen ohne Begriffe sind blind.”
“Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind.”
Iris Murdoch
British-Irish · 1919–1999
“Love is the extremely difficult realization that something other than oneself is real. Love, and so art and morals, is the discovery of reality.”
Isaiah Berlin
British · 1909–1997
“The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing. There exists a great chasm between those, on one side, who relate everything to a single central vision and those who pursue many ends, often unrelated and even contradictory.”
Jacques Derrida
French-Algerian · 1930–2004
“Il n'y a pas de hors-texte.”
“There is nothing outside the text.”
Jean-Paul Sartre
French · 1905–1980
“Tout existant naît sans raison, se prolonge par faiblesse et meurt par rencontre.”
“Every existing thing is born without reason, prolongs itself out of weakness, and dies by chance.”
John Rawls
American · 1921–2002
“Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought. A theory however elegant and economical must be rejected or revised if it is untrue; likewise laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust.”
Judith Butler
American · 1956–
“There is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender; that identity is performatively constituted by the very "expressions" that are said to be its results.”
Jürgen Habermas
German · 1929–2026
“Öffentlichkeit läßt sich am ehesten als ein Netzwerk für die Kommunikation von Inhalten und Stellungnahmen beschreiben.”
“The public sphere is a realm of our social life in which something approaching public opinion can be formed. Access is guaranteed to all citizens.”
Laozi
Chinese · 6th century BC
“道可道,非常道。名可名,非常名。”
“The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name.”
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Austrian-British · 1889–1951
“Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen.”
“Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.”
Marcus Aurelius
Roman · 121–180
“You have power over your mind — not outside events. Realize this, and you will find strength.”
Martha Nussbaum
American · 1947–
“To be a good human being is to have a kind of openness to the world, an ability to trust uncertain things beyond your own control.”
Michel Foucault
French · 1926–1984
“La visibilité est un piège.”
“Visibility is a trap.”
Noam Chomsky
American · 1928–
“It is the responsibility of intellectuals to speak the truth and to expose lies.”
Plato
Greek · 428–348 BC
“Ὁ δὲ ἀνεξέταστος βίος οὐ βιωτὸς ἀνθρώπῳ.”
“The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Roland Barthes
French · 1915–1980
“La naissance du lecteur doit se payer de la mort de l'Auteur.”
“The birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.”
Seneca
Roman · 4 BC–65 AD
“Non exiguum temporis habemus, sed multum perdidimus.”
“It is not that we have a short time to live, but that we waste a great deal of it.”
Simone de Beauvoir
French · 1908–1986
“Je voudrais que chaque vie humaine soit de la pure liberté transparente.”
“I wish that every human life might be pure transparent freedom.”
Simone Weil
French · 1909–1943
“L'attention est la forme la plus rare et la plus pure de la générosité.”
“Attention is the rarest and purest form of generosity.”
Slavoj Žižek
Slovenian · 1949–
“The function of ideology is not to offer us a point of escape from our reality but to offer us the social reality itself as an escape from some traumatic, real kernel.”
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish · 1813–1855
“Mennesker forlanger Ytringsfrihed som Erstatning for den Tænkefrihed, som de sjældent bruger.”
“People demand freedom of speech as a compensation for the freedom of thought which they seldom use.”
Theodor W. Adorno
German · 1903–1969
“Die Kulturindustrie geht weniger auf die Reaktionen ihrer Kunden ein, als daß sie diese fälscht. Sie drillt sie, indem sie sich aufführt, als sei sie selbst der Kunde.”
“The culture industry not so much adapts to the reactions of its customers as it counterfeits them. It drills them by behaving as though it were itself the customer.”
Ueno Chizuko
Japanese · 1948–
“フェミニズムは弱者が強者になろうとする思想ではありません。弱者が弱者のままで尊重されることを求める思想です。”
“Feminism is not a thought that makes weak people strong. It is a thought that makes weak people remain weak and still be accepted as they are.”
Walter Benjamin
German · 1892–1940
“Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit verliert seine Aura.”
“The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction loses its aura.”
Zhuangzi
Chinese · 369–286 BC
“吾生也有涯,而知也无涯。以有涯随无涯,殆已。”
“My life has a limit, but knowledge has none. To pursue what is limitless with what is limited is perilous.”