阿尔伯特·赫希曼

德裔美国人 · 1915–2012

德裔美国经济学家和社会理论家,以退出、呼吁与忠诚的概念以及对经济发展和政治变革的精细分析著称。

维基百科 ↗

“The Hiding Hand principle suggests that ignorance of the difficulties ahead can be a blessing in disguise — people start projects they would never have begun had they known the full cost, and then find creative ways to overcome the unexpected obstacles.”

英语

“遮蔽之手原理表明,对前方困难的无知可能是因祸得福——人们开始了那些若知道全部代价便永远不会启动的项目,然后找到了克服意外障碍的创造性方法。”

发展项目观察

“Having encountered serious problems and setbacks, I now know that these difficulties, which I would never have wished for and which my opponents foretold with much relish, were in fact essential to whatever success the project eventually achieved.”

英语

“在遇到严重问题和挫折之后,我现在知道这些困难——我从未希望遇到、而我的对手们幸灾乐祸地预言了的——实际上对这个项目最终取得的任何成就都至关重要。”

发展项目观察

“The customer who, dissatisfied with the product of one firm, shifts to that of another, uses the market to defend his welfare or to improve his position; and he also sets in motion market forces which may induce recovery on the part of the firm that has declined. This is the exit option.”

英语

“对某家企业的产品不满意而转向另一家的顾客,利用市场来维护自己的福利或改善自己的处境;他同时也启动了可能促使衰落企业复苏的市场力量。这就是退出选项。”

退出、呼吁与忠诚

“Voice is political action par excellence. The decision to voice one's dissatisfaction rather than exit is the decision to attempt to change practices from within.”

英语

“呼吁是卓越的政治行动。选择表达不满而非退出,就是决定从内部改变现行做法。”

退出、呼吁与忠诚

“There is a certain sterility in the manner of thinking that contrasts reform with revolution. In the first place, revolutionary change has often been preceded by attempts at reform. And second, reform can be so fundamental as to deserve being called revolutionary.”

英语

“将改良与革命对立的思维方式有一种不毛之感。首先,革命性变革之前往往有过改良的尝试。其次,改良可以如此根本,以至于值得被称为革命。”

偏向希望

“Creativity always comes as a surprise to us; therefore we can never count on it and we dare not believe in it until it has happened.”

英语

“创造力总是出人意料地到来;因此我们永远不能指望它,也不敢在它发生之前相信它。”

越界随笔

“The rhetoric of reaction claims that any purposive action to improve the political, social, or economic order only serves to exacerbate the condition one wishes to remedy. This is the perversity thesis.”

英语

“反动的修辞声称,任何旨在改善政治、社会或经济秩序的有目的行动,只会加剧人们想要纠正的状况。这就是悖谬论题。”

反动的修辞